Criminal law is constantly evolving, accompanied by various transformations formed over the course of history. In this relationship, there are the objectives of the penalty, related to the punitive role of the State, in which the penal system comes to fruition. This book, supervised by Bruna Azevedo de Castro and the result of a Scientific Initiation project sponsored by PIBIC, will provide the reader with a study of the relationship between Criminal Law and society, the structures of punishment, its respective historical evolution, the list of constitutional principles, and finally, structure the objectives of punishment in contemporary Criminal Law and list the reality of the Brazilian penal system. This makes it possible to encourage academic debate and, in a critical and analytical way, to propose measures aimed at restoring the effectiveness of the objectives of punishment in contemporary criminal law. Therefore, this book is aimed at the thinker who wants to propose new punitive perspectives, structuring critical thinking that is capable of taking criminal law out of dark times and bringing effectiveness to the punitive process.